コラールの歌詞の起源  A.シュヴァイツアー

コラールの歌詞の起源  A.シュヴァイツアー

 

コラールの歌詞の起源  A.シュヴァイツアー

「コラール歌詞の起源」は、BachCantata Website(バッハ カンタータ ウェブサイト)」に掲載されたA.シュヴァイツアーの論文(1908)です。キリスト教の初期からバッハの時代まで、讃美歌の歌詞の歴史を記したものです。ドイツ語で書かれたものをGoogle翻訳を利用して、私の理解のために要約したものです。

目次
1. 宗教改革以前の讃美歌
2. 最も古いイースターの讃美歌は12世紀までさかのぼる
3.14世紀と15世紀にそのような広まりを見せた神秘劇も、ドイツの讃美歌の受容を助けた。
4. 16世紀の改革は教会の扉をドイツの詩に開放した。
5. 最初のドイツの讃美歌集 宗教改革以降
6. ルターによる讃美歌
7. 前の時代からの遺産を継承発展する時期から創作へ
1.宗教改革以前の讃美歌
初期のキリスト教会では、イエスが弟子たちと賛美の歌を歌っていた。(ユダヤ教の)
初期のカトリック教会では会衆が礼拝中に歌に直接参加するのが習慣でした。その時、頌栄、アーメン、キリエ、そして讃美歌を歌っていました。6世紀の終わりと7世紀の初めにはアンブロシウスによって会衆が参加するようになっていた。
しかし、グレゴリウスの改革によって、讃美歌は会衆を代表して司祭が歌うようになりました。 (僧侶がお経を読むように)
ところが、ドイツでは、この改革は完全には実行されませんでした。彼らがキリエとアレルヤを歌う時、ドイツ語の詩を入れる習慣になりました。ドイツの讃美歌は礼拝奉仕の役割を獲得しました。こうして教会で歌われるすべての讃美歌の終わりのオブリガートを形成しました。これらの曲は「キリエの曲(Kirleisen)」と呼ばれていました。2.最も古いイースター讃美歌は12世紀までさかのぼります。「キリストは死からよみがえられた ハレルヤ
慰められるキリストを われらはみな喜びまつる キリエライス」3.14世紀と15世紀にそのような広まりを見せた神秘劇も、ドイツの讃美歌の受容を助けた。ラテン語とドイツ語が混在するクリスマスのゆりかごの歌には、非常に珍しい魅力があります。それらの詩は、想像できる最も原始的な種類のものです。言葉は、音や揺れるリズムよりも感覚的にまとめられています。それでも、彼らを取り巻く明るいクリスマスの魅力は、消えてしまった世代と同じように私たちに影響を与えます。バッハのオルガンコラールには、これらの古いクリスマスソングが2つあります。dulci jubiloでは、
Nun singet und seidfroh。
Unsers Herzens Wonne
Liegt in praesepio、
Und leuchtet als die Sonne
Matris ingremio。
Alpha et O、Alpha et O.(V、Nr。35。)Puer natus in Bethlehem、 In Bethlehem、 Unde gaudet Jerusalem、 Jerusalem。 ハレルヤ、ハレルヤ。 Ein Kind geborn zu Bethlehem、 Zu Bethlehem、 Des freuetsichエルサレム。 ハレルヤ、ハレルヤ。 Cognovit bos et asinus、 Asinus、 Quod Puer erat Dominus、 Dominus。 ハレウジャ、ハレルヤ。 Das Ochslein und das Eselein、 Eselein、 Erkannten Gott den Herren sein、ハレルヤ、ハレルヤ。 (V46)
やがて、ラテン語の讃美歌はドイツ語に翻訳され神聖な詩として受け入れられた。クレドー信仰告白箇条、十戒、十字架上の七つの言葉、また様々な詩篇も讃美歌の歌詞に組み込まれました。4.16世紀の改革は教会の扉をドイツの詩に開放した。
14世紀と15世紀のラテン語の讃美歌、詩篇、典礼の聖歌、聖書の断片は新しい教会のために修正し、変更し、改善し、新しい讃美歌に作り直された。5.最初のドイツの讃美歌集 宗教改革以降
1524年に
新しい讃美歌(Erfurt Enchiridion)が出版された。その26曲の中には、詩篇の8つのドイツ語訳がある。これには、詩篇130「深い淵からあなたを呼ぶ」(BWV131)など一連の讃美歌、2つのイースター讃美歌が含まれています。「キリストは死の縄目につかれた」(BWV4)と「死に勝利した我らの救い主イエスキリスト」、10戒の古い讃美歌、Paul Speratusによる3つの讃美歌、有名な「救いはわれらに来たり)」など。A 中世の聖歌
(1)イースターの讃美歌 「キリストはよみがえられた」
キリストは死の縄目につき(カンタータBWV 4)
ラテン語の讃美歌、詩篇、典礼の聖歌、聖書の断片。
(2)クリスマス
dulci jubilo(No.35)、ベツレヘムのプエルナトゥス(V、No.46)。
(3)「中世の曲-言い換え」
(十字架上の7つの言葉 V9)
ダイがGebot zehnダイheilgenをシンド(V、12号。、VI、番号19および20)。
ファーターアンサーIM Himmelreich(V、番号47及び48; VII、番号52および53) 。
WIR glauben全てeinenゴット(VII、番号60、61及び62)。
(4)讃美歌は、ラテン語から翻訳。
「われらキリストを褒めたたえ」、「キリストはよみがえられた」、「われら主なる神をほめ」、「来ませ 聖霊よ」、「今こそ来ませ異邦人の救い主」6.ルターによる讃美歌。
(1)翻訳。
イエス・キリストわれらの救い主なる神 情熱の讃美歌。VI30~33
クリスマスの讃美歌
「イエスキリストあなたを賛美」
(2)聖書を歌詞とした
「深い淵から私はあなたを呼ぶ」詩編130:(BWV 38)
「神はわがやぐら」詩篇46. (BWV 80)
「私は安らかに喜びを持ってかしこに行こう」シメオンの歌・ルカ2:29)
(3)オリジナル讃美歌
「われらの主キリストヨルダンから」(カンタータBWV 7 )
「天の高みから」「天から御使来る」7.前の時代からの遺産を継承発展する時期から
讃美歌を創造的に作るようになった。 16世紀末から
ドイツの詩全体が宗教的な道へと向かった。というのは
ドイツは30年戦争で、国が荒廃し、破滅の危機に瀕した。生き残ったほのは宗教であり、そのだった。詩はその懐に避難した。ドイツには、その切実な必要性から、世界で比較すものがないほどの宗教的な詩を生み出した、「詩篇の素晴らしささえ青ざめるほどです。」とシュヴァイツツアーは言っている。この時代の讃美歌は時代を写す鏡といえる。
1613年、疫病で荒廃したとき、ドイツの東部でV.ヘルベルガーは、「ヴァレットウィルイッヒディルゲベン、デュアルジファルシェウェルト」(VII50,51)を歌います。
M.リンカート(1586-1649)「今こそ、みな神に感謝しよう (nun danket alle Gott)」(VII43)は、1648年に平和の結論を鳴らしている間に作曲されました。ヨハン・リスト(1607-1667)は、658曲を作曲しました。他に讃美歌集で生き残った
パウル・フレミング(1609-1640)、
ヨハン・ヘルマン(1585-1647)、
およびシモン・ダッハ(1605-1659)がいます。また、これらの讃美歌作家の中には、フィリップ・ニコライ(1556-1698)とヨハン・フランク(1618-1677)の2人の神秘家がいた。
バッハは、ニコライの「明けの明星のいかに美しいかな」の歌詞でカンタータ(BWV 1)を書き、もう1つは彼の「起きよと呼ぶ声」の歌詞でBWV 140を書いた。
また、フランクの「イエス、わが喜び」の歌詞でモテットと2つのオルガンコラール(V31,V29)を作曲した。同じ詩人の「おお愛する魂よ自分を飾れ」(BWV180)を、またコラール幻想曲(VII49)をつくった。
しかし、感情の主観性と教訓的な視点が宗教詩に侵入し、それだけで教会の礼拝のための真の会衆の歌を作り出してきた素朴で単純な客観性を奪います。感情と言葉遣いが微細になって衰退期が始まっているとき、パウル・ゲルハルト(1607-1676)があらわれた。8.ゲルハルトからバッハへ
ゲルハルトは、この衰退を確認するかのように現れた。彼はルター派正統派の信者であり、驚くべき速さで真の改革をもたらした。
バッハはこのゲルハルトを崇拝者し、彼のカンタータの詩を繰り返し採用している。マタイ受難曲(BWV 244)では12曲のコラールの中で、「血潮滴る主のみかしら」の曲を5曲(15,17,44,52,62)で使用していることからわかります。
敬虔主義は確かにいくつかの精神的な詩を生み出しました。しかし、バッハにとって、それほど重要ではありません。バッハは、讃美歌の本の中から過去の豊富な歌詞を用いた。
彼が自由に使えた資料は、小さなエアフルト1524年の讃美歌集から26曲用いた。バブストの讃美歌集は初版では101曲、ベルリンでほぼ1世紀にわたって使用されていたクリューガー本は、初版(1640)では250曲、第44版(1736)では1300曲、リューネブルク(1686)に2000曲と増加している。ライプツィヒで保存されている目録から、ライプツイヒ讃美歌集の8巻がバッハの所有物であったことがわかります。しかし、18世紀の後半には、もうバッハのカンタータと、その熱気は存在しませんでした。歌詞を持ったさんびかは「讃美歌」とした。

コラールの歌詞の起源  A.シュヴァイツアー」への355件のフィードバック

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